The rise and fall of Apple ..

The rise and fall of Apple ..

How had Apple Inc survived all these years and what is ailing it now ?

The growth and fame of Apple is largely attributed to the legendary entrepreneur and designer duo, due to the undaunted efforts of Steve Jobs and the Industrial Designer-in-chief, Jonathan Ive who together brought in many revolutionary products for the IT world.

This article is trying to look at what were the specific characteristics of Apple Inc.and its founders that made the products world famous. The paper continues with the present leadership of Tim Cook and looks at what has gone wrong where and whether Tim Cook can ever revive the company from its old name and fame, even though the company stock is doing well on the stock market.

Apple's growth has been phenomenal over the years. It has set the product design for many an IT product to start with the desktop computer.  When the whole world was looking at stared computing and main frames and minis, Steve jobs comes with the first Apple Macintosh, the table top personal computer. He set the direction for the evolution of the IT revolution in the world.

The author was fortunate enough to work on the Apple Mac during his PG college days at the Govt College of Engineering, Goa which also had a NELCO Unix Mini computer during late 80s (and on an IBM Mainframe for the first time at the Govt College of Engineering Trivandrum, Kerala during the early 80s). During the days of 80s and 90s, only government engineering colleges existed and had public funds for these govt colleges.

Regarding Apple, what were the focused reasons that contributed to the success of Apple since the early 80s ?

First and foremost point regarding Apple, is the innovative work culture which focuses on New Product Development. Steve Jobs had a disciplined focused approach which nurtured innovation.

Leaders at Apple, Ive was the Chief Industrial Designer till 2019 ..

The design process used to start initially with 10 ideas which used to be filtered to three in the second stage and finally to one in the last stage.

In the process of accepting the last design, there used to be paired meetings between the product development group members who met on Tuesdays to come up with an innovative approach and used to test it and discuss the outcome of the tests by Thursday. ie. prototypes used to be tested very frequently and this testing process was quite intense.

It was followed by Pony meetings with senior managers once in two weeks so that the senior managers were also aware of the general direction the new product development and design process was taking.

The uniqueness of Apple Design and Manufacturing Operations can be summarised in the following points :

1. No market research

2. Small core design team of max 6 members

3. Apple does not outsource any aspect of the system, it owns the entire supply chain

4. instead of focusing on an entire stable or products in IT area, Apple used to focus exclusively only on certain key products

5. the design team had a maniacal focus on perfection

6. the focus of the design team was always on new product development

All through the design and product development process Apple's focus was on

1. new product development, not process or service

2. Sharp focus on the product being designed by attending to even the minutest detail of the product and material

3. have a thorough understanding of the customer and market and design products that will entice the people and product that never existed before

4. have the right group of people in the organisation and reward them well

At the age of 56 in 2011, we saw the untimely demise of Steve Jobs fighting a losing battle to cancer. Jobs resigned from Apple six weeks before his death, Tim Cook was appointed as his successor. Tim did not have the charisma or the intense focus that Steve Jobs had.

What ails Apple now ?

Just like Xerox and IBM declined after their initial spectacular growth and rise in the early sixties and seventies, Apple too had its ups and downs. Apple is already lagging behind its rivals in new product development.

• In the case of the curved phone. Samsung is clearly 2 years ahead of Apple in this field. Also in the case of bringing smartphones with interesting smart apps, Apple through it's Siri device is clearly lagging behind the industry leaders Amazon and Google in Artificial intelligence apps.
• Though Apple has a 25 % share of the wearable market, competitors like Huawei are catching up fast with growth almost 5 times as much as Apple.
• After the introduction of ipod, the itunes was a service offering which was not a major success across the world, with challengers like Spotify, Pandora, Amazon Music, Netflix etc.

If Apple is to survive in the new scenario of the modern world it has to introduce an entirely new product line which customers never ever thought existed before. This product will have to entice the customer like never before.

Without innovation, and the rate at which Google and Amazon are going behind Innovation, it really scares any Apple executive. Apple can only survive trying to understand the customer needs, wants and desires, ie. only through DESIGN THINKING.

Click here for a free case study doc on Apple prepared by the author for the benefit of the student and teaching community of the world..

George..

Class discussion on the Coffee supply chain ..

This morning at Alliance University, Bangalore, we had a great discussion about the coffee supply chain in the MBA sem 2, Supply Chain class. I took up this very useful, interesting and beneficial
case discussion as I had discussed this case with earlier batches and wanted the students to know how cash crops supply chain is different and important.

The class discussion, was on the challenges faced by Suresh, the GM of Super Coffee, the protagonist of the case, in his company. Coffee is grown in the temperate zones of the world between the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn at altitudes of 500 m and above. It grows along with other cash crops like tea, cardamom, pepper etc.. (for a copy of the case mail me). Even though the costs for the Robusta (and Arabica) Coffee beans is around Rs 122 per kg ( a variability of -8% in costs since January of 2019), the ground coffee powder varies in costs ranging from Rs 120 for 200 grams to almost Rs 500 for 200 grams for the top end variety.

Finest coffee beans ..

One exciting thing about coffee is that the altitude where it is grown determines the taste, flavour and aroma of coffee to a large extent. 

Different Heights Produce Different Flavors
Elevation doesn’t just have a generic positive effect on a coffee’s quality. Allowing for variances from region to region and lot to lot, certain general flavors are associated with different elevations. Coffee grown:

• below 2,500 feet (762 meters) will be soft, mild, simple, and bland
• around 3,000 feet (914 meters) will be sweet and smooth
• around 4,000 feet (~1,200 meters) may have citrus, vanilla, chocolate, or nutty notes
• above 5,000 feet (~1,500 meters) might be spicy, floral, or fruity

                                                                                        - www.driftaway.coffee

The most exciting, tastiest and expensive variety of coffee, Kopi Luwaki, is got when the Indonesian palm civet cat eats the berries and from the excreta of the cat, the beans are picked up, roasted and ground. Only about 5000 pounds are produced in the world annually.

The discussion hovered around the different aspects regarding cultivation, plucking of the coffee berries, drying, grinding process and final sale.

A coffee plantation in South India..

Among the challenges faced by Suresh, the class was of the opinion that the following were critical

1. Climate change - it is the biggest challenge faced by coffee growers, causing maximum disruption to the process. The varying temperature and the uncertainty of rain and cold was affecting the quality and quantity of the output (yield).

2. Presence of pests and diseases - it is another aspect, which necessitated frequently chemical treatment of the coffee plants. This is usually done in tea plantations very frequently, lowering the taste and health benefits of tea, necessitating the birth of another stream of tea leaves called organic tea.

3. Absence of skilled  manpower - on the coffee plantations was listed as the second biggest challenge Suresh was facing. Due to the better educational facilities available in the south of the country where coffee plantations are more, the women employees prefer to be at home teaching and looking after kids than coming to the plantations for plucking the coffee berries.

4. Limited number of coffee tasters - is another problem in the industry as the available ones go for better options in big companies and the small estates are left with no quality check on the beans collected.

5. Price volatility - due to varying output the prices become very volatile in national and global markets.

6. Small average land holdings : Since coffee bean processing is not as technology intensive as tea leaf processing,  we see smaller land holdings with farmers. A close acquaintance of mine in Kottayam Kerala also has an area less than three acre with coffee trees. She plucks the berries, dries the beans and grinds for home use. Any extra is sold to the nearest provision store who pays her at market rates.

The climate change discussion took us to the recent rains and landslides in Kerala. The ext3ent of granite quarrying and the resultant environmental damage it creates was highlighted in the class well. Upon interest of the students the next class we are having a discussion on a writeup of mine on the Prof. Gadgil and Kasturi Rangan committee studying the Western Ghats preservation.

The aim of discussing the case was to create an awareness among the students of the importance of cash crops supply chain as against the food crops like rice, wheat etc. Since the coming years there will be great stress on availability of food and cash crops, an awareness of it is beneficial for students in the long run.

george..

Chandrayaan 2 risk assessment ..

As engineers  very much interested in technology and engineering applications and as a business school professors, we look passionately forward to the technological developments happening in the country and space has been an area that has fascinated all of us.

Please click here for an earlier detailed writing on the Chandrayaan2 mission ..

The unbeatable Indian combo, the nation can never forget them ..

When ISRO could successfully carry out the Martian Orbit Insertion (MOI) 220 million kms away in 2014, the lunar orbit insertion  (LOI) just 0.38 million kms away carried out on 20 August at 9.30 AM is not a tough task for ISRO ..

ISRO made all Indians real proud !! 👍👍

As the next milestone in the project, India is edging close to soft landing the Chandrayaan 2 spacecraft on the lunar surface in the next fortnight and get a rover rove on the lunar surface then onwards. The vast opportunities to understand the evolution of the solar system and the possibility of searching for life on lunar surface are very gratifying in itself.

As a technology and risk enthusiast, I am looking at the risks associated with the project. In terms of major risks in this vast project management exercise, most important milestones in the Chandrayaan 2 project have been the following.

1. cryogenic ignition and burn completion,

2. lunar orbit insertion with angular correction

          3. lander Vikram separates from the Orbiter Chandrayaan 2

4. autonomous landing spot identification and soft landing of Vikram near lunar South Pole

5. 27 kg rover Pragyaan release onto lunar surface 4 hours after landing

6. surviving the first lunar night by first week of October promising longer life for the rover

Courtesy ISRO and BBC

From a layman perspective, it can be said that 33% of the tasks have been completed and the rest 67% is remaining. But from the technology intensity perspective, it can be said that with the successful cryogenic burn in the GSLV Mk III rocket and lunar orbit insertion, about 50% of the risk associated with the project is over. The rest 50% now rests at the separation, autonomous soft landing of the lander, the release of the rover and independent movement of the rover on lunar surface.

Task wise, only 33% of tasks are over, rest 67% are remaining ...

Hope we can find answers to these inquisitive questions.. 

• What if we are able to discover vast underground reserves of frozen ice of 4.53 billion years at lunar evolution ? 
• What story is it going to tell us of the evolution of the solar system in general ?
• Was the solar system of 4 billion years back same as it is now ?
• How did life evolve on earth and why not on moon ?  and many more  ..

George ..

Supply chain transparency..

This note brings to the fore another aspect of supply chains, transparency. The basic classification of supply chains are as being efficient or efficient and  functional or innovative. Supply chains are also classified as being responsive or not responsive, flexible or not flexible and in another classification as being agile or not. Flexibility is more concept based while agility is more action based. All of these classifications are not reflective of the contemporary pressing needs of the society relating to sustainability and lean manufacturing processes indicative of low resource needs.

courtesy Philips ..

What do we really understand by the term supply chain transparency ? Is it related to tracing the source and path of the item in the supply chain and the level of the voluntary disclosure one carries out ? Does it go further than that ? Can a Supply Chain be more transparent and open to the stakeholders and public alike ?

Supply Chain transparency can mean different things to different SC players. This can distort the true meaning. When we buy an item from a provision store, for example bread, how many of the retailers are able to disclose factual information to us other than from where that bread was baked. Does the customer get to find out the farms where the wheat was grown, the fertiliser details, watering patterns, climatic conditions and the rainfall patterns in that land etc. Absolutely nil.

This introduces two new terms relating to the supply chain: supply chain transparency and supply chain opacity. Represented as ratios, supply chain opacity ratio is subtracting supply chain transparency ratio from one (unity). This is measured with the Supply Chain Transparency Index (SCTI).

It is in this direction that we need to look to understand supply chain transparency better. One interesting document that came up in HBR in 2010 highlighting the sweatshops of Apple and Mattel in different parts of the world. (click here for the document). 

Courtesy HBR.org

A more recent 2019 article in HBR from the MIT supply chain lab throws more light and comes up with a quantitative graphical classification mechanism of the different stages of supply chain transparency. The attempt was to understand how the different supply chain practices of tracing the origins of products and raw materials on one axis to the level of openness on the x-axis to reflect on the level of innovativeness of organisations.

Accordingly we rarely find organisations that have very good traceability right upto the raw material suppliers stage and full voluntary disclosure of highly difficult to collect and store supplier related information, form the most innovative supply chains. These supply chains  are quite difficult to be designed for operation as voluntary information disclosure and collection upstream the supply chain is quite an arduous task. In fact, these Supply Chains by virtue of being highly innovative are highly effective to end customers.

On the other hand we find in the above figure, majority of organisations are near to the origin, where at the most only internal process details of the supply chain are disclosed to the regulatory authorities and that too not voluntarily, more as a code of conduct.

How can an organisation move from being a very low level process supply disclosure agent to a high level disclosure player from the internal operations right upto the RM supplier stage ?

Basic etiquette ..

ETIQUETTE : (you probably are aware, just a small reminder .. 👍)  .. 

We live in a society and interact with hundreds of people in our daily interactions.  These basic etiquettes are gems that will not only give you peace of mind and help you go about your daily chores more effectively, but also instil a sense of respect in the other person for you .

1. Don't call someone more than twice continuously. If they don't pick up your call, presume they have something important to attend to;

2. Return money that you have borrowed even before the other person remembers asking for it from you. It shows your integrity and character. Same goes with umbrellas, pens and lunch boxes;

3. Never order the expensive dish on the menu when someone is giving you a lunch/dinner. If possible ask them to order their choice of food for you;

4. Don't ask awkward questions like 'Oh so you aren't married yet?' Or 'Don't you have kids' or 'Why didn't you buy a house?' Or why don't you buy a car? For God's sake it isn't your problem;

5. Always open the door for the person coming behind you. It doesn't matter if it is a guy or a girl, senior or junior.  You don't grow small by treating someone well in public;

6. If you take a taxi with a friend and he/she pays now, try paying next time;

7. Respect different shades of opinions. Remember what's 6 to you will appear 9 to someone facing you. Besides, second opinion is good for an alternative;

8. Never interrupt people talking. Allow them to pour it out. As they say, hear them all and filter them all;

9. If you tease someone, and they don't seem to enjoy it, stop it and never do it again. It encourages one to do more and it shows how appreciative you're;

10. Say "thank you" when someone is helping you.

11. Praise publicly. Criticize privately;

12. There's almost never a reason to comment on someone's weight. Just say, "You look fantastic." If they want to talk about losing weight, they will;

13. When someone shows you a photo on their phone, don't swipe left or right. You never know what's next;

14. If a colleague tells you they have a doctors' appointment, don't ask what it's for, just say "I hope you're okay". Don't put them in the uncomfortable position of having to tell you their personal illness. If they want you to know, they'll do so without your inquisitiveness;

15. Treat the cleaner with the same respect as the CEO. Nobody is impressed at how rude you can treat someone below you but people will notice if you treat them with respect;

16. If a person is speaking directly to you, staring at your phone is rude;

17. Never give advice until you're asked;

18. When meeting someone after a long time, unless they want to talk about it, don't ask them their age and salary;

19. Mind your  business unless anything involves you directly - just stay out of it; 

20. Remove your sunglasses if you are talking to anyone in the street. It is a sign of respect. More so, eye contact is as important as your speech;

21. Never talk about your riches in the midst of the poor. Similarly, don't talk about your children in the midst of the barren... or talk about your spouses around those who don't have.

(Text and image courtesy - The Internet ..)

Fall of BSNL and rise of Reliance Jio in India ..

Of late with the spectacular growth of the private sector Reliance Jio in the global telecommunications scenario, the issue of the rise of private organisations and fall of governmental organisations in different sectors of the Indian economy has come to the fore. This case points to the role of a senior employee in the Indian telecommunication public sector giant BSNL Sunil Chandran who has seen the rise and fall of BSNL.

A. Introduction

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) set up in 2000, is the national body in India that has been providing telecommunications infrastructure and facility to the people across India. (Click here for the wikipedia link). It was hived off from the Department of Telecommunications and to differentiate it from Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL).

B. Role of Governmental Organisations

In early 90s in Goa, while working at Govt College of Engineering, I had to wait for 3 years to get a home telephone line after giving an application to the Dept of Telecom. 

How situations keep changing ..

My parent organisation being a governmental organisation,  I was a privileged customer and got the home connection in 1995. Imagine the plight of the hapless private customer and citizen of this country..

BSNL being a govt organisation, it flexes its muscles quite often in resource allocation. As they always find excuses when asked about their deficient cistomer service, their common refrain was that government organisations have its limitations. But we cannot forget one fact that this limitation also gives them great freedom for action.

The government and all organisations under it is meant to serve the public. If these constraints prevents one from serving the public, then that organisation should not be in public service, simple.. BSNL failed to understand this market reality ..

C. ISRO as a governmental entity :

As an example, ISRO as a governmental organisation was set up in early 60s and is one of the most respected space organisations in the world.. It had least customer interaction and that gave it great freedom. 

Leadership also played a major role. Nehru in 1961 gave Dr. Vikram Sarabhai the responsibility of setting up a space organisation in India and in 1962 was born INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research) which in 1969 became ISRO. Leadership made the difference..

BSNL at a point of time held monopoly and they thought they could continue like that into the future. They forgot that their master is the customer, not the other way round. Situations are so dynamic, it keeps changing overnight. In a matter of a decade or two, the scenario has changed. 

D. The Reliance part of the story ..

Reliance initially was in petrochemicals only. What made them venture into telecom ? It was the inefficient utilisation of resources and a tendency to have a stranglehold on the public of this country through monopoly in telecommunications which has been broken up.  

I agree BSNL was innovative, but why couldn't it maintain its hold over the public ? Heavy Corruption and utter disregard of their customers.. The senior leadership in BSNL has to take the responsibility of this downfall.

Why is Reliance unbeatable in global telecom and how did they beat BSNL ??

My two cents ..  BSNL was innovative in bringing many technological developments for the first time in India, but

• BSNL failed to carry out timely market interventions and convey their plans to the people
• Even though BSNL had a large captive customer base, their service was poor and slow
• Even though BSNL was the cheapest, Reliance undercut them and for the first time in the world gave local calling free across the country.
• Jio brought Innovation in offerings and scale to operations 
• Reliance spent $31 billion upfront in providing massive optical fibre communication infrastructure across India, nobody in the world has invested like Reliance.

The result is they are the FIRST telecommunications company in the world to offer for the first time free national calling with roaming within the country . No Japanese, Korean, Chinese or US company can catch up with Reliance now .. 

E. Reliance style of operations or operations strategy 

Reliance Operations Strategy, both in Petrochemicals and Comunication has been to

• plan and invest heavily in huge infrastructure. 
• start small
• scale up rapidly with sure firm steps
• keep costs low
• capture the market

Just on the basis of agility and huge infrastructure they are unbeatable in the world.

It's a big lesson and case study for MBA students. 🙏🙏

George..

This academic note has been written as a case trying to differentiate between the Operations strategy of governmental and private organisations in India. (click here for the case and detailed teaching note)

Recent studies of a nuclear holocaust

Copyright The Sun, UK ..

What can happen to the world in case of a nuclear winter. The early study in 2007 was done by NASA which had predicted seven years of winter and an 80 km plume of ash and smoke effectively totally blocking out the sun for up to 7 years.

The recent study was undertaken by Rutgers University Environmental Scientist Joshua Cope and published in 2019.

As of today, planet earth through it's nine nuclear forces countries (in possession of nuclear bombs) in total hold about 14,570 nuclear bombs. 

Amount of nuclear warheads (and percentages) held by the nuclear power states of the world

Rank	Country	No. of nuclear warheads	Percentage
1	Russia	6550	47
2	US	6350	45
3	France	300	2
4	China	280	2
5	Britain	215	1.5
6	Pakistan	145	1
7	India	135	1
8	Israel	80	0.49
9	North Korea	15	0.01

What would that nuclear holocaust moment look like ?

 The study mentioned the damage these countries could pose to earth and humanity in general.

All forms of life would we wiped out.

The dust and smoke would rise up to a height of 120 kms into the air.

The nuclear winter that results would last for a long ten years.

The temp on earth would be about 13 deg C

No sunlight and excess of radiations would result in zero vegetation

Even animal life would not be there. 

How long would it take for planet earth to recover from this accident. To make things short, any form of life, human, animal and sea life, on land or water would not come up at least for the next million years.The damage would be so extensive and damaging that human life would

Which are the countries capable of bringing maximum damage to the planet ?

Because of these nuclear warheads, these countries can in short hold the other 184 countries (of the total 195 countries) to ransom. 

If by that time, human settlements start on Moon and Mars, those people would escape the nuclear holocaust and spared death. They would be carrying human species on Moon or Mars and back to earth after a million years.

George

Mattancherry- mosaic of global cultures through the lens of Biju Ibrahim ....

Courtesy webindia123

Mattancherry was a place I frequented passing through while I was doing my 10 std in high school and the Pre-degree days in Ernakulam, Kerala. My two aunties, uncles and cousins stayed in Fort Kochi and the bus from Ernakulam South to Fort Kochi essentially passed through Mattencherry. Be it a Gujarati marriage or festival, a Jain festival or monks procession, a Christian celebration or a Hindu temple festival, there was some occasion for the people of Mattancherry to celebrate their unity in diversity and uniqueness, an occasion to be kind and considerate to each other. This was what caught my attention of the place and people of Mattancherry.

Recently a friend of mine sent me this video (pl click here for the video)  of the glamour of Mattancherry. After watching it, it immediately aroused a thousand pictures of the place and took me easily 1000 years back to the times when our forefathers walked on the same sand that I too walked on. A very nostalgic feeling..

Never ever knew that 39 different communities from around India and the world live together harmoniously here in the 5 sq. km. area of Mattancherry in Kochi, Kerala. 

A big thanks to Biju Ibrahim for staying 2 years in Mattancherry to document the lives of the people, their culture and click this excellent video of the cultural mosaic of Mattancherry.. 🙏🙏🙏👍👍

Nostalgic to say the least !  Nowhere in the world do you get such a mosaic of culture.. I have passed thru Mattancherry streets many a time, but never knew so much of history and culture lay hidden there . 😇😇👌👌

A replica of this mosaic of multiple culture you also see at Alleppey beach and Mullakkal area .. I had the good opportunity to live in that area for two years and have friends from those communities too . 👌👌

Kochi and Alleppey grew in commercial prominence only after the great silting of Muziris port (muchiripattanam, present day Pattanakkad, Kodungaloor etc) in mid 1300 AD from the Periyar river .. 

Understanding history and how our forefathers lived and interacted with their contemporaries is indeed very gratifying and interesting to know ..

Pigeons in the Jain temple ..

Listen to Sarah Cohen, (click here for the video) the last Jew living in Mattancherry ..

The Dutch palace, built in 1555 by the Dutch and presented to the King of Kochi and the St George Orthodox Church to commemorate the Portuguese Papal  overlordship in Indian Christendom till 1652 AD are two incidents that are not mentioned in the video.

Most of these buildings have historical importance and some have been renovated of late, for example the Jain temple. The Dutch palace is in the tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage site .. I can indeed say with great pride that the people of Mattencherry are the most caring and respectful of others faiths, beliefs and cultures and are indeed the most secular group of people not only from India, but of the whole world. 

George..

Ambani and cautious days ahead for Indian economy

Reliance is planning slowly to be a zero debt company by 2020. 

As an overtly safe move from India's richest man, is it reflective of the generally cautious approach and a prudent mindset and message he is giving Indians to be vigilant with their hard earned money ? could it bring bad news for Indian economy.. ?

Click here for the Bloomberg doc ..

Any of the below three scenarios is possible..

1. Ambani is reducing his existing net debt to zero to open new areas of debt exposure like EVs, healthcare etc .. Good for the economy!

2. He wants to play safe, reflecting the general public sentiment, by reducing his debt exposure during these tough times and unlike his younger brother does not want to go down under and be wiped out.. 

After demo, Indian economy is in a precarious state ..Courtesy TOI.

3. Aware of the full potential of the economy, he wants to pause, take a deep breath, before charging head on to kickstart the economy? 

Challenging and interesting days ahead for Indian economy!! 😳🤔🤔🤔

The banks on the other hand will find there are no major takers for loans given the cautious mindset among the public, and will give loans to everybody, good and bad, once again entering the vicious cycle of cheap, unsecured loans available easily, raising the prospects of Non Performing Assets in the Indian economy to unviable proportions. 

The first prospect I mentioned before is very optimistic and could do great wonders for the economy. Can any Economist predict what is going to happen given the present macro economic conditions ?

George..

Top 10 reasons why we need peace in Jammu and Kashmir ..

Jammu and Kashmir has seen a raging fire,  ever since 1947, firings, killings, threats, unemployment, accusations and on and on .. How many lives have been lost over Kashmir on both sides ? Is Kashmir such geographically strategic place in global history and civilization as to deserve such attention and adoration ? Or is it the devious intent of a minority due to the fear of losing political control which is the main driving force behind the political unrest and violence ?

Courtesy mapsofindia.com

Firstly we all agree Kashmir is a troublesome place. Article 370 was meant to pacify the rulers of Kashmir around 1947 to coerce them into joining with the Indian Union. Over 73 years it has not done any good to the people of Kashmir nor to India, than draining the Kashmiri people's confidence and the Indian Union's resources, often putting the defence forces at great stress and strain. This article tries to look at some issues that is preventing bringing permanent peace to Jammu and Kashmir and the steps needed to overcome it.

1. Kashmir is no more it's rulers and separatist leaders, it is the people : The people's will only will and should survive. The Indian Union accommodated the selfish leaders and fundamentalists for too long a time, they have failed the people of Jammu and Kashmir completely. They don't deserve to take the people for a ride anymore. The selfish leaders and their supporters have no say in Kashmir affairs any more. Only the dreams, hopes and aspirations of the people will be respected..

2. Massive Unemployment : It has massive unemployment, no development and a bleak future for youngsters because of its own policy to enforced self-seclusion. The agony and anguish of the youngsters is building up as lawlessness and violence against Indian Union.  If employment is provided for youngsters with industrial growth, youngsters can gain productive employment in J&K itself. 

3. Fear of loss of political power : The fundamentalists and the so-called intellectuals from India are blocking J&K's development because of their fear that their political influence over the people will be lost. Doesn't the people there deserve some peace, growth and prosperity ? All this while, we blocked it for the people there. 

4. Lack of individual freedom and liberty - Kashmiris have had the heavy baggage of the past to carry, of kingdoms, autocrats. They have barely respected the aspirations of the people. In the modern world of respecting individual freedom and liberty, let us take the people of J&K along with the rest of the country, assuring them of all freedom as available for the rest of the country.

5. Strain to racial and religious purity : If some people are concerned about the strain to the racial and religious purity there, why were Kashmiri Pandits driven away decades back from Kashmir ? If we look at the bigger picture, this is the best option for the people of J&K in terms of personal liberty and freedom anywhere in the world..

6. Fear of repetition elsewhere in India - J&K issue was like a burning fire, no party wanted to burn their hands. Good that PM Modi has taken a decisive step which will help the youngsters find employment and help lead a meaningful life, than just pelt stones, get hit by pellets and bullets, day in, day out. One action need not be misconstrued as a regular action elsewhere. Let's not have that fear. 🙏

7. Supporters of peace are gullible - Not gullible, but looking at practical reality. I know some Kashmiris in Bangalore. It is unemployment which makes them easy prey to take to soft terrorism .. Look at the welfare of the Kashmiri people and material well-being if Peace returns there .. The selfish divisive leaders are a self proclaimed minority who by muscle and force, wouldn't allow the majority to express their opinion and live in peace and prosperity. They want the people always to live in obeisance and subjugation, not with liberty and pride. . 

8. Vicious cycle of violence, fear, unemployment and discontent - It's a vicious circle, no jobs, more discontent with India, more youngsters take to militancy, and more militancy, India gets tough, no peace and no growth leading to no jobs.

9. India cannot afford wasting lives and spending more resources on Kashmir : Somewhere this jinx has to be broken .. Blockades, unrest, etc can only stall the progress of the state and the country.

10. India as a whole needs to progress : We cannot afford a part of the country to reel in poverty, unemployment and unrest while the rest of the country is progressing and marching ahead. We want to take the whole country as one unit forward with love, respect, peace, upholding individual freedom and liberty, without disturbing the peace and liberty of the other 1.35 billion people of this country.

We need a break to this long and violent spiral of attacks, counter attacks, accusations, terrorism, guerilla attacks and so on. Let us express our opinion by the voice of the people.

Let's wait and watch the developments over the coming three four months, how things precipitate to be ..  Will it lead to more violence as desired by the minority separatists or more growth and development as desired by the majority ?

Let's give the people of Jammu and Kashmir on the Indian side, a taste of democracy, a chance to decide their future.. Let's give the 14 million people a chance to live in peace and prosperity.. 🙏

George..

Tardigrades have free ride to moon aboard Beresheet

Water bears ... Pic courtesy Business Insider ..

When the Israeli moon probe Beresheet from the startup Space IL crashlanded on moon on 11th of April 2019, along with some biological payload, nobody thought it would be thousands on Tardigrades, tough organisms of about 0.05 inches length that took a piggy ride to moon.

The SpaceIL craft Beresheet did not have a soft landing due to an engine malfunction, however the payload which included among others thousands of Tardigrades and a CD with history of humanity, different cultures, music etc also crash landed on moon surface.

What are Tardigrades and what do they hold forth for humanity on earth in terms of spawning life on the lunar surface ?

Pic courtesy Washington Post.

Tardigrades are water-dwelling, eight legged, segmented micro organisms about .05 in in length. It is so tough that once it enters the state of cryptobiosis, it can withstand a whole lot of hostile environments that may include withstanding

• hot temperatures of upto 150 deg C
• cold temepratures upto minus 275 deg C
• entering hibernation possibly for decades
• exist in pressure atmospheres of upto 75,000 times that of atmospheric pressure
• withstand high doses of nuclear radiation etc.

Click here for a Business Insider writeup on the Tardigrades ..

Courtesy American Scientist

Cryptobiosis is a metabolic state of life entered by an organism by reducing all metabolic processes in it's body to near zero, when it encounters adverse living conditions like heat, cold, absense of oxygen, high pressure, moderate doses of nuclear radiation etc.. It can be in this cryptobiotic stage at times even for decades.- courtesy


Some interesting questions remain in this Israeli experiment.  

• What is the intent behind this Israeli experiment ?
• Is it for the first time that Tardigrades are entering lunar atmosphere ? 
• The organism is known to survive in harsh environments on earth, but what about extra terrestrial environments ?
• Even in the cryptobiosis stage on lunar surface, it will need water and oxygen to come back to activity. Will it be possible ?
• Can scientists around the world track the growth and development of these micro organisms on lunar surface and report for the benefit of earthlings here ?
• How to detect its presence on lunar surface ?

Lets hope future lunar expeditions consider this set of experiments to find presence of Tardigrades on lunar surface in their future experiments.

George..

Providing food for 10 billion by 2055 AD

Credit : cia.gov, 2011

One of the greatest challenges facing mankind in the next couple of decades besides water, war and technological progress like AI, Robotocs etc. is the challenge of providing food to the masses. 

The earth has a population now of 7.5 billion people projected to reach 8 billion by 2023 AD. Of the present 7.5 billion China and India, the most populous, account for more than 1.39 billion and 1.34 billion people respectively. www.worldbank.org, 2017.

China has as area of 9.6 million sq km land supporting it's 1.39 billion population (145 people per sq. km.) while India has just 3.3 million sq km land supporting the 1.34 billion people (406 people per sq. km.). This is indication enough why we Indians should be very concerned about the population growth and the resultant pressure on food resources.

The figure on the right, tells us how the 7 billion people of the world are spread out contributing to the GDP of the world. 1.4 billion people employed in agriculture work (20% of global population) day in and day out for feeding the rest 5.6 - 6 billion people of the world. In 2018, planet earth had a population of 7.5 billion which is expected to grow to 7.7 billion by end 2019. In the services field there are a good amount of people engaged in research in the lab to improve farm productivity through genetic engineering and better fertilizer composition. - courtesy cia.gov and census.gov, 2011.

The global food chain now processes almost 320 million tonnes of meat annually (2017) which is projected to reach 450 million tonnes annually by 2050. It is found that it takes 8-10 kgs of vegetables to produce a kg of meat.  The per-capita global consumption of meat is increasing which is a dangerous trend that needs to be controlled.

The global food supply chain can be thought of as consisting of three components, the consumer, the supplier and the manufacturer.

The first and foremost thing the customer can do is to change his food lifestyle, move from a meat rich diet to a vegetable rich diet.

As a supplier  the focus now shifts to the farms that supply the food grains. Better usage of fertilizers and genetically modified grains and vegetables can make a big difference.

As the manufacturer, we need to reduce the wastage at the food preparation source. World over it is said that annually about 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted, that is a good one third of all food produced in the world is wasted. Just by ensuring through efficient means of storage, distribution this waste can be reduced to almost zero.

Israel tech startups have come up on a limited scale with technologies like vertical farming where the constraints of farming space have caused farmers to think of farming on vertical spaces. Tech startups have also come up with produce that needs less sunlight and hence can be grown in laboratory setups.  The challenge for all these startups is one of scaling up. 

Shift in our dietary habits to more sustainable ones with more of veggies, fruits, cereals and legumes, with less consumption of meat is the only solution to feed 25% more of humanity, ie. in total 10 billion people by 2055 .. 

According to the author, the most easy and simplest way to attack the global food crisis is to reduce food waste, both at the distribution side and the consumption side. 

According to the Forbes mag article, almost 40% of food in developing countries get wasted in the distribution and storage areas while in the developed countries 40% of wastage happens at the food preparation and consumption stage. This is an interesting statistic for us, which points fingers to where the developing countries should focus to tackle the food crisis and where the developed countries should focus. 

Food costs have been on an upward slide over the past years as there is a great gap between supply and demand. The rich countries continue to buy a good portion of global food production as they can afford to while the poor countries have to settle for what remains. 

The Food Security Risk Index (given on the right) is an indexed measure of the risk involved in providing food security to the masses.  It is a measure of the country's exposure to the impacts of a changing climate, susceptibility to natural resource risks and how the country is adapting to these risks. While we find the countries of Central Africa and Afghanistan are the most stressed, the countries around Central Africa and South Asia are stressed while those in China and South America are less stressed, the countries of North America (other than Mexico), Europe and Australia are having least risk of food security.

The scene in 2018 is slightly improved but we find the central parts of Africs among the most stressed for food, 

If we do not work to produce enough food now, it can result in food riots like what happens in Africa frequently and people get killed. Let globally all the countries with UN focus to initiate tasked to reduce food waste, improve farm productivity and better storage and distribution channels to reduce wastage.

Click here for the Forbes document ..

george..

Ref : Howells Richard, How to feed 10 billion people - The Supply Chain challenge of the future, Forbes, August 2019

Stemcell therapy ..

What is the business of an MBA student in Stemcell therapy ?

Here is an exciting video ..

Click here for a TEDx video ..

Click here for a case study I wrote for MBA Operations students of Alliance University Bangalore on the future of stemcell therapy ..

Can we think of ethical stemcell therapy which helps patients in need ?

The first areas of stemcell therapy along with arthritis and senescence is limitless.. Very soon we will find people who live beyond 120 years.

Is it good for humanity or not ?

George

Climate Change and River Piracy - Slims river, Canada

The dry Slims river ..

This is an event that happens only once in 18,000 years, a river running dry because the source of water for the river changed its course..

Kaskawulsh glacier in the Yukon territory in North East Canada, bordering Alaska in 2017 faced this unique event.

Click here for the video ..

The Kaskawulsh glacier slipped by over 100 - 400 metres due to climate change and in the process it started sharing its melt water southward into the river Alsek, instead of Kluane river.

Glacial river Slims runs dry  in 4 days ...

What happened was instead of the glacial river flowing north into the Kluane lake and then into the Bering Sea, suddenly in a matter of 4 days in April 2017 started flowing southward into the Alsek river and then into the Pacific Ocean. 

What happened was that a 300 year old river Slims suddenly became barren ..

This is an interesting hydrological event called River Piracy. One river taking over another river and in the process causing the earlier river to dry out.

In the past 18,000 years planet earth has not witnessed such a river piracy where one river changes direction and is taken over by another river ..

The main culprit for this hydrological phenomenon is climate change. The glacial source, Kaskawulsh glacier, got displaced as surrounding glaciers also had got displaced due to the climate change.

Water changing direction

Click here for a Guardian report ..

Will such major hydrological disruptive event happen in the Himalayas ? Being the youngest of all mountain ranges on Earth, the possibility is high.

It would be a disaster if the river Ganges from the glacial source in the Himalayas, which is a source of livelihood and water to the population of four to five North Indian states and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, in a period of a week suddenly flow Northwards into China and thence into the South China sea.

Maybe it will happen after ONLY another 18,000 years !!

George.. (pic courtesy Nature GeoScience and Arkansan Gazette)

Global Trends in Decarbonisation of Power Consumption

World over, we witness these days a trend, a transition from dirty power to green power, ie. decarbonisation of power consumption. The other day,  reading an article in HBR,  referred below, it was interesting to know of the stages a country has to transition through necessarily in its journey from being energy deficient to energy sufficient. Germany is the country that is in the forefront of moving from non-renewable dirty power to renewable green power, almost 30% of energy consumed is green.

Bhadlam solar plant, 2245 MW, Rajasthan, India.

The European Union is also taking great steps besides China and India to go green. There is as yet no confirmed response from the government of the United States of America in this direction, other than a very strange okay to the 2015 - 2030 Paris Accord. US did not sign the Kyoto Protocol leading to it's failure and final dismantling. As regards climate change and environmental sustainability, we need cooperation from all countries of the world.

EU goals are aimed at a 20% cut in Green House Gas emissions from power generation, ensuring at least 20% of energy consumption from renewable sources and a minimum 20% improvement in energy generating, storage and transmission efficiencies.

The other great trend we are witnessing these days around the developed world and in some developing countries like Bangladesh is the decentralisation of power production. The Bangladesh energy startup SOLshare have setup peer-to-peer microgrids that deliver solar energy to households and businesses across important cities and towns of Bangladesh. 

Click here for the list of the largest solar power plants of the world as of 2019 ..

The three major trends happening around the world in decarbonisation of power consumption are listed here..

1. Energiewende 1.0 - there is adoption of renewable sources of energy from solar, wind, biomass and geothermal, but not to a point of inflection, just less than 10% of the total energy needs of the country.

2. Energiewende 2.0 is a hybrid setup, a phase of transition in a country's power transition where a greater portion of the power comes from intermittent, weather dependent power sources. There will be frequent intervention by grid operators to keep the grid in balance. When there demand is higher than the renewable generation, non-renewable generator sets running on hydrocarbon fuels or nuclear energy step in to meet the increased power demand.

3. Energiewende 3.0 is more striking, the energy generation and distribution will move from a public infrastructure setup to a private business. No country in the world has ever reached this state. A comparison would be the common bathing pools of the yore, where people used to go to the common well or pond for bathing, but not any more, we have private bathrooms and hygiene networks at our homes which enables us to wash ourselves at our own convenience.

When everything goes private, Energiewende 3.0 though it does not fully exclude any country or society from not having high voltage transmission networks, the question arises who will bear the cost of installing and maintaining these large infrastructure setups, necessitating government interference.  The public networks would have transitioned to private networks then and who would look at the setting up and maintenance of the public networks connecting communities. 

Energy deficient developing countries of Africa and some areas of Asia, including India and the Arab world who still do not have efficient energy networks will find their transition from scratch straight to Energiewende 3.0 smooth and efficient, often skipping Energiewende stages 1 and 2. A new breed of solar entrepreneurs will start supplying power on a peer-to-peer network to households and businesses, as SOLshare from Bangladesh, trading power for profit.

This global energy transformation from non-renewables to renewables is happening across the world, as power is an inseparable component of modern human societal needs and vital for the development of a society and country. The more safe a society or country is regarding it's power, the more globally competitive will its industries be.

George

Ref : 1. Burger, Christopher and Jens Weinmann, 3 stages of a country embracing renewable energy  , HBR, April 17, 2017

Chinese and Indian lunar landing sites .

The space where Yutu 2 landed on lunar surface ..

2019 can be described as the best year for India and China in space, more particularly, the moon. Chinese Chang'e 4 spacecraft landed on the South pole of Moon in the von Karman crater, in the Aitkin crater on the 3rd of January 2019.(not to forget the US and Japanese successes on Mars and Ryugu meteoroid respectively in 2019).

India launched the Chandrayaan 2 mission on the 22nd of July 2019 and the Vikram lander and Pragyaan rover will land on lunar surface near the lunar South pole, near the brink of the Aitkin crater, one of the largest on the lunar solar surface with a diameter of 2400 km on the 6th of September 2019.

Click here for a link on Yutu2 rover on lunar surface.

The Von Karman crater in the Aitkin
crater where Yutu 2 landed

Click here for a VOA report on Chandrayaan 2 launch ..

Both the Chinese and India
missions of 2019 are landing on the other side of moon which is never visible to us on earth.

The rover communicates with a lunar orbiter which is in contact with the earth station. Every lunar night lasting 14 earth days, the temp on lunar surface can go to -140 deg Celsius. 

The Chinese Chang'e rocket released the orbiter, Que Qiao satellite already orbiting the moon and the Yutu 2 rover landed in the 180 km diameter and 13 km deep Von Karman crater.

As has been indicated by ISRO, Indian Space Research Organisation, lander Vikram will land near the brink of the Aitkin crater.

This is how Yutu 2 is communicating with the
earth station

How can these landings of the Chinese and Indian missions on moon be helpful for humanity.

In six months, the 140 kg Chinese rover Yutu 2 has traveled just 160 m on the lunar surface. In two weeks as per indications the 27 kg Pragyaan would be traveling almost 150 to 200 metres on lunar surface, with a life to last just 14 days.

 The Indian rover would in turn be carrying out a series of experiments that will help it find the extent of water on lunar surface.

The Aitkin crater near the
lunar south pole

Will the landings and the subsequent discoveries of water, moisture etc. help the world to set up camps to stay there ?

If water is available and with the supply of oxygen which can be ensured either with experiments or can be taken from earth, can we we grow vegetables and fruits out there in space in large volumes and bring them to earth for human consumption ?

Yutu 2 on moon, Credits China Space Administration

China has a strategic intent in this lunar mission as moon is known to have vast reserves of Helium 3, most suitable for nuclear fusion energy generation. Yutu 2 is looking out for deposits of Helium 3 on lunar surface.

The strategic military intent of China on lunar surface is a cause of worry for US, Russia and India ..

Other side of moon, China Space

No earth expedition has been able to find what is underneath a planet like Mars or the moon surface, except the Hayabusa2 spacecraft of Japanese Space Agency JAXA, which has been able to shoot into the Ryugu asteroid 300 million kms away from earth on the 12th of June 2019 and collect samples of sub-surface materials on the asteroid.

We hope all the countries of the world who are exploring outer space in the solar system to be able to collect solid evidence that points fingers at the right time and mix of celestial events that led to the formation of our solar system.

George.. (Picture credits to Planetary News, spacenews.com and space.com)..